Exposure to organophosphates in association with the development of insulin resistance: Evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies

Insulin resistance is an underlying condition prior to the development of several diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cognitive impairment, and cerebrovascular complications. Organophosphates (OPs) are one of several factors thought to induce insulin resistance. Previous studies showed that the exposure to OPs pesticides induced insulin resistance through the impairment of hepatic glucose metabolism, pancreatic damage, and disruption of insulin signaling of both adipose tissues and skeletal muscles. Several studies reported possible mechanisms associated with OPs-induced insulin resistance in different models in in vivo studies including those in adult animals, obese animals, and offspring models, as well as in clinical studies. In addition, pharmacological interventions in OPs-induced insulin resistance have been previously investigated. This review aims to summarize and discuss all the evidence concerning OPs-induced insulin resistance in different models including in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. The interventions of OPs-induced insulin resistance are also dis-cussed. Any contradictory findings also considered. The information from this review will provide insight for possible therapeutic approaches to OPs-induced insulin resistance in the future.

Automated summary

Insulin resistance is a potential condition prior to the development of various diseases, and organophosphates are considered one of the factors that contribute to its development. Previous studies have shown that exposure to organophosphates induces insulin resistance through various mechanisms. This review summarizes the findings from different models and discusses interventions for organophosphate-induced insulin resistance.