Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Volume 56, Issue 22, Pages 15882-15891Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03715
Keywords
environmental risks; disease burden; indoor air; fine particulate matter; health effect
Categories
Funding
- Research Fund [2021JC005]
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51978366]
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This study aims to estimate the mortality and economic losses attributable to indoor PM2.5 in urban areas in China. The results showed that indoor sources remain the main cause of deaths and economic losses, even when outdoor PM2.5 concentrations are reduced to 5 μg/m3.
The World Health Organization reduced the recommended level of annual mean PM2.5 concentrations to 5 mu g/m3 in 2021. Previously, the guideline was geared toward ambient air pollution, and now it explicitly applies to indoor air pollution. However, the disease burden attributed to different indoor emission sources has been overlooked, particularly in urban areas. Our objective was to estimate the mortality attributable to indoor PM2.5 in urban areas in China. Our model estimated 711 thousand (584-823) deaths and 2.75 trillion (2.26-3.19) CNY economic losses attributable to PM2.5 in urban China in 2019, in which indoor sources contributed 394 thousand (323-457) deaths and 1.53 trillion (1.25-1.77) CNY losses. There would still be 536 thousand (427-638) PM2.5-attributable deaths and 2.07 trillion (1.65-2.47) CNY losses each year when the outdoor PM2.5 is 5 mu g/m3, of which 485 thousand (386-578) deaths and 1.87 trillion (1.49-2.23) CNY are attributable to indoor sources. Despite cleaner outdoor air and no solid fuels being used, considerable health hazards and economic losses are attributable to indoor PM2.5. Measures to reduce PM2.5 exposure in humans from both indoor and outdoor sources are to achieve a substantial reduction in deaths.
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