Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Volume 56, Issue 19, Pages 13845-13857Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02111
Keywords
school uniforms; children's products; PFAS; fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs); fluorotelomer methacrylates (FTMAcs); PFAS dermal exposure; PFAS substance flow analysis; PFAS hydrolysis; total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay
Categories
Funding
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Great Lakes Protection Initiative [GCXE21P039]
- European Union under the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme [101036756]
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This study analyzed 72 children's textile products from US and Canadian stores and found that all products contained PFAS, with 6:2 FTOH being the most abundant compound. School uniforms had higher concentrations of PFAS compared to other items, especially those made of 100% cotton. The estimated potential children's exposure to PFAS through dermal contact with school uniforms was 1.03 ng/kg bw/day.
We analyzed 72 children's textile products marketed as stain-resistant from US and Canadian stores, particularly school uniforms, to assess if dothing represents a significant route of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Products were first screened for total fluorine (total F) using particle-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) spectroscopy (n = 72), followed by targeted analysis of 49 neutral and ionic PFAS (n = 57). PFAS were detected in all products from both markets, with the most abundant compound being 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH). Total targeted PFAS concentrations for all products collected from both countries ranged from 0.250 to 153 000 ng/g with a median of 117 ng/g (0.0281-38 100 mu g/m(2), median: 24.0 mu g/m(2)). Total targeted PEAS levels in school uniforms were significantly higher than in other items such as bibs, hats, stroller covers, and swimsuits, but comparable to outdoor wear. Higher total targeted PFAS concentrations were found in school uniforms made of 100% cotton than synthetic blends. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) precursors were abundant in school uniforms based on the results of hydrolysis and total oxidizable precursor assay. The estimated median potential children's exposure to PFAS via dermal exposure through school uniforms was 1.03 ng/kg bw/day. Substance flow analysis estimated that similar to 3 tonnes/year (ranging from 0.05 to 33 tonnes/year) of PFAS are used in US children's uniforms, mostly of polymeric PFAS but with similar to 0.1 tonne/year of mobile, nonpolymeric PFAS.
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