Interaction between double diffusion and differential diffusion in a stratified turbulent flow

Salt fingers, which can occur in a fluid with stable temperature stratification and unstable salinity stratification, have larger fluxes when the ratio of the contributions of temperature and salinity to the density gradient (i.e., the density ratio) is close to one. This study investigated whether differential diffusion-or the preferential transport of temperature in a weakly turbulent, strongly stratified flow-can decrease an initially large density ratio enough to strengthen salt fingers. Laboratory experiments were conducted in which a stratification favorable for salt fingers was stirred with oscillating arrays of vertical rods. The density ratio decreased slightly when its initial value was large, as expected in differential diffusion, and it increased when its initial value was small, as expected for salt fingers. The mixing efficiency was less than 4%, and in two of the runs with low initial density ratio, it started negative. A one-dimensional eddy diffusion model in which the overall eddy diffusivities simply sum the contributions of salt fingers and mechanically generated turbulence described the evolution well and predicted an equilibrium state once the two eddy diffusivities became equal.

Automated summary

This study investigates the effect of differential diffusion on salt fingers. The experimental results show that differential diffusion can decrease the initial density ratio, thus enhancing the formation of salt fingers. The mixing efficiency is low and dependent on the initial density ratio.