Endocrine disrupting chemicals entering European rivers: Occurrence and adverse mixture effects in treated wastewater

In the present study on endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in treated wastewater, we used chemical and effect-based tools to analyse 56 wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents from 15 European countries. The main objectives were (i) to compare three different receptor-based estrogenicity assays (ER alpha-GeneBLAzer, p-YES, ER alpha-CALUX (R)), and (ii) to investigate a combined approach of chemical target analysis and receptor-based testing for estrogenicity, glucocorticogenic activity, androgenicity and progestagenic activity (ER alpha-, GR-, AR -and PR-GeneBLAzer assays, respectively) in treated wastewater. A total of 56 steroids and phenols were detected at concentrations ranging from 25 pg/L (estriol, E3) up to 2.4 mu g/L (cortisone). WWTP effluents, which passed an advanced treatment via ozonation or via activated carbon, were found to be less contaminated, in terms of lower or no detection of steroids and phenols, as well as hormone receptor-mediated effects. This result was confirmed by the effect screening, including the three ER alpha-bioassays. In the GeneBLAzer assays, ER alpha-activity was detected in 82 %, and GR-activity in 73 % of the samples, while AR-and PR-activity were only measured in 14 % and 21 % of the samples, respectively. 17 beta-estradiol was confirmed as the estrogen dominating the observed estrogenic mixture effect and triamcinolone acetonide was the dominant driver of glucocorticogenic activity. The com-parison of bioanalytical equivalent concentrations (BEQ) predicted from the detected concentrations and the relative effect potency (BEQchem) with measured BEQ (BEQbio) demonstrated good correlations of chemical target analysis and receptor-based testing results with deviations mostly within a factor of 10. Bioassay-specific effect-based trigger values (EBTs) from the literature, but also newly calculated EBTs based on previously pro-posed derivation options, were applied and allowed a preliminary assessment of the water quality of the tested WWTP effluent samples. Overall, this study demonstrates the high potential of linking chemical with effect-based analysis in water quality assessment with regard to EDC contamination.

Automated summary

In this study, chemical and effect-based tools were used to analyze wastewater treatment plant effluents from 15 European countries. The study aimed to compare different receptor-based assays for estrogenicity and investigate a combined approach for testing different activities in treated wastewater. The results showed that advanced treatment methods reduced the contamination of steroids and phenols, as well as hormone receptor-mediated effects. The study demonstrated the potential of linking chemical and effect-based analysis in water quality assessment for endocrine disrupting chemicals.