Journal
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
Volume 117, Issue 7, Pages 1613-1627Publisher
SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC
DOI: 10.5382/econgeo.4946
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Funding
- Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [41822203, 41972074, 42103064]
- 973 program [2012CB416802]
- SEG Graduate Student Fellowship program
- MOST Special Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences [MSFGPMR37]
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Recent studies have shown that high-Ti magnetite, previously believed to be of igneous origin, can also originate from high-temperature hydrothermal deposits. This challenges the existing discriminant diagrams and calls for necessary modifications. In this study, statistical analysis and machine learning techniques were used to build models for identifying high-Ti magnetite of different origins. A new discrimination diagram was developed, and the results suggest a magmatic-hydrothermal origin for the magnetite in iron oxide-apatite deposits.
High-titanium (high-Ti, more than 1 wt % Ti) magnetite, commonly containing ilmenite exsolution, has long been attributed to an igneous origin and has been used as the most critical factor in previously developed discriminant diagrams. However, recent studies have shown that high-Ti magnetite can be present in high -temperature hydrothermal deposits, suggesting a probable hydrothermal origin. This also calls for reconsidera-tion and necessary modification of the currently available discriminant diagrams. This high-Ti magnetite issue is particularly acute in iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits and raises controversy in the discussion of the origin of the high-Ti magnetite.With statistical analysis and machine learning techniques, this study applies two unsupervised dimensional-ity reduction methods-principal component analysis (PCA) and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE)-on a compiled data set consisting of 876 laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analyses of primary high-Ti magnetite from high-temperature ore-forming systems worldwide. Three models are built with different element combinations to identify magnetite of different origins. The models were fur-ther evaluated by the support vectors machine (SVM) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and proved to be able to describe the characteristics of trace element compositions of high-Ti magnetite of different origins. Our models suggest that Mg, Mn, Al, Ti, V, and Co from 59 analyzed trace elements show promising properties as effective discriminators, and on this basis, a new discrimination diagram of lg(Al) + lg(Ti) + lg(V) versus lg(Mn)/[lg(Co) + lg(Mg)] is developed for distinguishing high-Ti magnetite of igneous and hydrothermal origin. Our results also show that the high-Ti magnetite in the IOA deposits has chemical compositions similar to those of high-temperature hydrothermal deposits, including the iron oxide copper-gold and porphyry depos-its, but significantly distinct from the igneous magnetite. Our study, hence, implies a magmatic-hydrothermal origin for the magnetite in IOA deposits.
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