Arsenic extraction from seriously contaminated paddy soils with ferrihydrite-loaded sand columns

Reductive dissolution of iron oxides in flooded paddy soils is the most important cause of arsenic (As) release into soil aqueous solution and thus entry into rice. From the perspective of soil cleanup, however, As release under flooded condition could facilitate labile As removal. In this study, a porous column pre-loaded with ferrihydrite (Fh) was constructed, and its efficiency of soil As extraction was investigated using a purpose-designed mesocosm coupled with diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) for in situ visualization. With Fh-column deployed in aqueous solution, > 90% removal of As(III) was achieved within 5 days at initial As (100 mg L 1) of two orders of magnitude higher than in most paddy soil solutions (1-1538 mu g L-1). By applying Fh-column in a seriously contaminated paddy soil (102 mg As kg 1), porewater As showed stepwise decreases from 2727 mu g L-1 to 129-1455 mu g L-1 at a distance-dependent manner over four intermittent extractions during 91 days. Soil DGT-As exhibited similar spatiotemporal changes to porewater As. After four extractions, 17.8% of total soil As was removed by Fh-column in a 10 cm radius range on average and similar to 1/3 of As bound to amorphous and crystalline Fe/Al oxides was depleted, which accounted for 88.7% of decline in total soil As. With the post-extracted soil, a 48% lower As accumulation in rice seedlings and a 65% decline in bulk soil DGT-As were attained. This study provides a conceptual foundation for rapid removal of high soluble As by Fh-columns from flooded soils, improving seriously As-contaminated paddies to sustainable resources for safe food production.

Automated summary

Reductive dissolution of iron oxides in flooded paddy soils is the main cause of arsenic release into soil water solution. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of using a porous column pre-loaded with ferrihydrite for the rapid removal of soluble arsenic from flooded soils, improving seriously arsenic-contaminated paddy fields for safe food production.