Journal
CHEMOSPHERE
Volume 307, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135804
Keywords
Chromium; Pollution; Toxicity; Mechanism; Treatment technologies; Sensors
Categories
Funding
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Sciences Bangalore [IE/REAC-20-0134]
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Chromium contamination has significant impacts on ecosystems and human health, highlighting the importance of its removal and monitoring. This article discusses different methods for chromium removal and various classes of sensors for chromium monitoring, and suggests future research directions.
Chromium is detected in most ecosystems due to the increased anthropogenic activities in addition to that developed from natural pollution. Chromium contamination in the food chain results due to its persistent and non-degradable nature. The release of chromium in the ecosystem accretes and thereafter impacts different life forms, including humans, aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Leaching of chromium into the ground and surface water triggers several health ailments, such as dermatitis, eczematous skin, allergic reactions, mucous and skin membrane ulcerations, allergic asthmatic reactions, bronchial carcinoma and gastroenteritis. Physiological and biological treatments for the removal of chromium have been discussed in depth in the present communication. Adsorption and biological treatment methods are proven to be alternatives to chemical removal techniques in terms of cost-effectiveness and low sludge formation. Chromium sensing is an alternative approach for regular monitoring of chromium in different water bodies. This review intended to explore different classes of sensors for chromium monitoring. However, the spectrochemical methods are more sensitive in chromium ions sensing than electrochemical methods. Future study should focus on miniaturization for portability and on-site measurements without requiring a large instrument provides a good aspect for future research.
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