Simple turn-off fluorescence sensor for determination of raloxifene using gold nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan hydrogel

It is essential to develop a simple, applicable, and reliable assay to anticancer drug raloxifene (RAF) because of its significant usage and side effect due to entering residue in the environment. Fluorescence sensors developed and widely used because of them high selectivity, fast-response, and highly-sensitivity. The gold nanoparticles using chitosan hydrogel was synthesized and applied as a fluorescence sensor to determine the trace amount of RAF. The characterization methods including DLS, FE-SEM, EDX, XRD, and FT-IR were performed to confirm the synthesized structure. This sensor turned off the fluorescent signals proportional to RAF concentrations at 400 nm. The RAF can be detected in the linear range from 5 x 10(-7) to 5 x 10(-5) M. Limits of detection and quantification were obtained as 34 x 10(-8) and 11 x 10(-7) M as well as the relative standard deviation calculated as 1.63% in RAF measuring. The effective parameters on quenching efficiency were studied by central composite design (CCD) with response surface methodology (RSM). The effective parameters in RAF determination, include analyte concentration, temperature, contact time, and pH, were obtained as 35 mu M, 30 ?, 8 min, and pH = 8.5. The sensor was applied to determine the RAF concentrations in biological and environmental samples with satisfactory recoveries between 97.5% and 109%.

Automated summary

Developing a simple, applicable, and reliable fluorescence sensor is crucial for the detection of the anticancer drug raloxifene (RAF). The sensor, which utilizes gold nanoparticles embedded in chitosan hydrogel, demonstrates high selectivity, fast-response, and high sensitivity. It can detect trace amounts of RAF within a linear range of 5 x 10(-7) to 5 x 10(-5) M, with a detection limit of 34 x 10(-8) M and a quantification limit of 11 x 10(-7) M. The sensor shows satisfactory recoveries between 97.5% and 109% when applied to biological and environmental samples.