Effects of individual and combined polystyrene nanoplastics and phenanthrene on the enzymology, physiology, and transcriptome parameters of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Owing to their wide distribution, easy production, and resistance to degradation, microplastics (MPs) represent a globally emerging group of pollutants of concern. Furthermore, their decomposition can result in the generation of nanoplastics (NPs), which cause further environmental issues. Currently, the impact of the combination of these plastics with other organic pollutants on crop growth remains poorly investigated. In this study, a hydroponic experiment was conducted for seven days to evaluate the effects of 50 nm, 50 mg/L polystyrene (PS), and 1 mg/L phenanthrene (Phe) on the growth of rice plants. The results revealed that both Phe and PS inhibited growth and improved the antioxidant potential of rice. Relative to Phe alone, exposure to a combination of PS and Phe reduced Phe accumulation in the roots and shoots by 67.73% and 36.84%, respectively, and decreased the pressure on the antioxidant system. Exposure to Phe alone destroyed the photosynthetic system of rice plant leaves, whereas a combination of PS and Phe alleviated this damage. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of the rice transcriptomes revealed that detoxification genes and phenylalanine metabolism were suppressed under exposure to Phe, which consequently diminished the antioxidant capacity and polysaccharide synthesis in rice plants.

Automated summary

Microplastics are a globally emerging group of pollutants, and their combination with other organic pollutants on crop growth remains poorly investigated. This study found that the combination of polystyrene and phenanthrene alleviated damage to rice plants caused by phenanthrene and improved the plants' antioxidant capacity.