Journal
BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY
Volume 155, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113799
Keywords
Thymoquinone; Thymol; Monosodium glutamate; ADHD; Oxidative stress; Neuroinflammation; Wnt; ?-Catenin
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This study investigated the effects of thymoquinone (TQ) and thymol (T) on the behavior of rats with monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The results showed that treatment with TQ and/or T improved locomotor, attention and cognitive functions, and reduced aberrations in brain parameters. Combination therapy had a more significant effect compared to individual supplementation.
Both thymoquinone (TQ) and thymol (T) have been proved to possess a positive impact on human health. In this research, we aimed to investigate the effect of these compounds separately and together on the Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like behavior induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG) in rats. Forty male, Spargue Dawley rat pups (postnatal day 21), were randomly allocated into five groups: Normal saline (NS), MSG, MSG+TQ, MSG+T, and MSG+TQ+T. MSG (0.4 mg/kg/day), TQ (10 mg/kg/day) and T (30 mg/kg/day) were orally administered for 8 weeks. The behavioral tests proved that rats treated with TQ and/or T showed improved locomotor, attention and cognitive functions compared to the MSG group with more pronounced effect displayed with their combination. All treated groups showed improvement in MSG-induced aberrations in brain levels of GSH, IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, GFAP, glutamate, calcium, dopamine, norepinephrine, Wnt3a, beta-Catenin and BDNF. TQ and/or T treatment also enhanced the mRNA expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and Bcl2 while reducing the protein expression of TLR4, NF Kappa B, NLRP3, caspase 1, Bax, AIF and GSK3 beta as compared to the MSG group. However, the combined therapy showed more significant effects in all measured parameters. All of these findings were further confirmed by the histopathological examinations. Current results concluded that the combined therapy of TQ and T had higher protective effects than their individual supplementations against MSG-induced ADHD-like behavior in rats.
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