Innovative probes with aggregation-induced emission characteristics for sensing gaseous signaling molecules

Diseases are often accompanied by abnormal expression of gaseous signaling molecules including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Sensing these gaseous markers is thus important for identification and investigation of pathological processes. In contrast to conventional approaches, such as electrochemical, chromatographical methods, etc., optical imaging shows merits including high sensitivity, good spatiotemporal resolution, and ideal selectivity. Especially, optical molecular probes with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties have good potential for bio-detection since they show maintained optical signals in the aggregated state. Recently, many AIE molecular probes have been developed for imaging disease-related gaseous signaling molecules. Generally, these probes recognize the analytes through turn-on or ratiometric ap-proaches. This review summarizes the recent progress in organic probes with AIE properties for sensing gaseous markers and relative disease diagnosis applications. Based on the types of analytes, the probes are divided into three groups: NO, CO and H2S sensors. Molecular designs and sensing mechanisms of these AIE probes are highlighted. Their gaseous signaling molecules detection applications at cellular and animal levels are presented. Finally, some existing problems and future promising development directions are discussed with the hope to inspire further developments of AIE probes for precise disease diagnosis.

Automated summary

Diseases often involve abnormal expression of gaseous signaling molecules, and optical imaging with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties shows great potential for sensing these markers. This review summarizes recent progress in using AIE probes for the detection of disease-related gaseous signaling molecules, highlighting molecular designs and sensing mechanisms. The applications of these probes in cellular and animal levels are presented, and future directions for development are discussed.