Journal
BIOESSAYS
Volume 44, Issue 11, Pages -Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200104
Keywords
5 '-cap; cap sequestration; RNA packaging; RNA virus; translation regulation
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health [AI150498]
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Viruses hijack the translation machinery by modifying the 5'-ends of their plus-strand RNAs. Recent studies revealed that HIV-1 segregates its RNAs for splicing/translation and packaging functions through a structural sequestration mechanism. Other viruses and retrotransposons also employ various mechanisms to control 5'-cap accessibility to avoid capture by cellular RNA processing and translation machinery.
Many viruses evolved mechanisms for capping the 5'-ends of their plus-strand RNAs as a means of hijacking the eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing/translation machinery. Although capping is critical for replication, the RNAs of these viruses have other essential functions including their requirement to be packaged as either genomes or pre-genomes into progeny viruses. Recent studies indicate that human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) RNAs are segregated between splicing/translation and packaging functions by a mechanism that involves structural sequestration of the 5'-cap. Here, we examined studies reported for other viruses and retrotransposons that require both selective packaging of their RNAs and 5'-RNA capping for host-mediated translation. Our findings suggest that viruses and retrotransposons have evolved multiple mechanisms to control 5'-cap accessibility, consistent with the hypothesis that removal or sequestration of the 5' cap enables packageable RNAs to avoid capture by the cellular RNA processing and translation machinery.
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