Journal
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Volume 308, Issue -, Pages 233-242Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.007
Keywords
Mercury; Biochar; Black carbon; Sulfur; X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Categories
Funding
- Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
- E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
- National Science Foundation-Earth Sciences [EAR-1128799]
- Department of Energy-GeoSciences [DE-FG02-94ER14466]
- US Department of Energy-Basic Energy Sciences
- CLS
- University of Washington
- Advanced Photon Source
- Canada Foundation for Innovation
- NSERC
- University of Saskatchewan
- Government of Saskatchewan
- Western Economic Diversification Canada
- National Research Council Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- CLS Graduate Student Travel Support Program
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Thirty-six biochars produced from distinct feedstocks at different temperatures were evaluated for their potential to remove mercury (Hg) from aqueous solution at environmentally relevant concentrations. Concentrations of total Hg (THg) decreased by >90% in batch systems containing biochars produced at 600 and 700 degrees C and by 40-90% for biochars produced at 300 degrees C. Elevated concentrations of SO42- (up to 1000 mg L-1) were observed in solutions mixed with manure-based biochars. Sulfur X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analyses indicate the presence of both reduced and oxidized S species in both unwashed and washed biochars. Sulfur XANES spectra obtained from biochars with adsorbed Hg were similar to those of washed biochars. Micro-X-ray fluorescence mapping results indicate that Hg was heterogeneously distributed across biochar particles. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure modeling indicates Hg was bound to S in biochars with high S content and to O and Cl in biochars with low S content. The predominant mechanisms of Hg removal are likely the formation of chemical bonds between Hg and various functional groups on the biochar. This investigation provides information on the effectiveness and mechanisms of Hg removal that is critical for evaluating biochar applications for stabilization of Hg in surface water, groundwater, soils, and sediments. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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