Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY
Volume 323, Issue 6, Pages H1137-H1166Publisher
AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00439.2022
Keywords
arrhythmia; cardiac electrophysiology; ECG; guidelines; small animals
Funding
- MAESTRIA Grant [965286]
- British Heart Foundation Accelerator Award [AA/18/2/34218]
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) [R01HL136389, R01HL163277, R01HL147108, R01HL139472, R01HD108839]
- NIH [R01HL153042, R01HL141343, R01HL146169, R01HL147279, R01HL144157, R01HL133127, R35HL144980, R01HL138003, R01HL141855, R01HL102298, R01HL085727, R01HL085844, R01HL137228, R01HL111600, OT2OD026580]
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) [MOP 342562]
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada [RGPIN-2022-03150]
- Government of Canada's New Frontiers in Research Fund [NFRFE-2021-00219]
- Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada [G-22-0032127, G-22-0032033]
- CIHR [PJT166105, PJT180474]
- American Heart Association Basic Project Grant [18SFRN34230125]
- Netherlands Cardio Vascular Research Initiative CVON (Dutch Heart Foundation, Dutch Federation of University Medical Centres, ZonMw, and Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences) [CVON2018-30, CVON2015-12]
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund CAMS [1009884]
- VA Merit Review Grants [I01 BX000576, I01 CX001490]
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Cardiac arrhythmias are a significant global health issue, and animal models play a critical role in studying cardiovascular diseases. This article provides an overview of the strengths and limitations of common techniques used to assess cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmia mechanisms, with a focus on small animal models.
Cardiac arrhythmias are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although recent advances in cell-based models, including human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CM), are contributing to our understanding of electrophysiology and arrhythmia mechanisms, preclinical animal studies of cardiovascular disease remain a mainstay. Over the past several decades, animal models of cardiovascular disease have advanced our understanding of pathological remodeling, arrhythmia mechanisms, and drug effects and have led to major improvements in pacing and defibrillation therapies. There exist a variety of methodological approaches for the assessment of cardiac electrophysiology and a plethora of parameters may be assessed with each approach. This guidelines article will provide an overview of the strengths and limitations of several common techniques used to assess electrophysiology and arrhythmia mechanisms at the whole animal, whole heart, and tissue level with a focus on small animal models. We also define key electrophysiological parameters that should be assessed, along with their physiological underpinnings, and the best methods with which to assess these parameters.
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