Fractal/multifractal modeling of geochemical data: A review

Over the past several decades, a wide range of complex structures or phenomena of interest to geologists and geochemists has been quantitatively characterized using fractal/multifractal theory and models. With respect to the application of fractal/multifractal models to geochemical data, the focus has been on how to decompose geochemical populations or quantify the spatial distribution of geochemical data. A variety of fractal/multifractal models for this purpose have been proposed on the basis of the scaling characteristics of geochemical data. These include the concentration-area (C-A) fractal model, concentration-distance (C-D) fractal model, spectrum-area (S-A) multifractal model, multifractal singularity analysis, and the concentration-volume (C-V) fractal model. These fractal models have been widely demonstrated to be useful, as indicated by the increasing number of published papers. In this study, fractal/multifractal modeling of geochemical data including its theory, the way it works, its benefits and limitations, its applications, and the relationships between these models are reviewed. The comparison among of C-A, S-A, and multifractal singularity analysis based on simulated data suggested that mapping singularity technique can enhance and identify weak anomalies caused by buried sources. Future study should focus on how to distinguish the true anomalies associated to mineralization with the false anomalies from a fractal/multifractal perspective. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.