Journal
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
Volume 26, Issue 7, Pages 1004-1013Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201503316
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Funding
- National Science Foundation [EFRI 1240380]
- FAPESP (Fundacao de Amparo do Estado de Sao Paulo) [2011/05742-0]
- National Science Foundation
- Noyce Memorial Fellowship in Microelectronics from the Intel Foundation
- Directorate For Engineering
- Emerging Frontiers & Multidisciplinary Activities [1240380] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Bioelectronic interfaces require electrodes that are mechanically flexible and chemically inert. Flexibility allows pristine electrode contact to skin and tissue, and chemical inertness prevents electrodes from reacting with biological fluids and living tissues. Therefore, flexible gold electrodes are ideal for bioimpedance and biopotential measurements such as bioimpedance tomography, electrocardiography (ECG), electroencephalography (EEG), and electromyography (EMG). However, a manufacturing process to fabricate gold electrode arrays on plastic substrates is still elusive. In this work, a fabrication and low-temperature sintering (similar to 200 degrees C) technique is demonstrated to fabricate gold electrodes. At low-temperature sintering conditions, lines of different widths demonstrate different sintering speeds. Therefore, the sintering condition is targeted toward the widest feature in the design layout. Manufactured electrodes show minimum feature size of 62 mu m and conductivity values of 5 x 10(6) S m(-1). Utilizing the versatility of printing and plastic electronic processes, electrode arrays consisting of 31 electrodes with electrode-to-electrode spacing ranging from 2 to 7 mm are fabricated and used for impedance mapping of conformal surfaces at 15 kHz. Overall, the fabrication process of an inkjet-printed gold electrode array that is electrically reproducible, mechanically robust, and promising for bioimpedance and biopotential measurements is demonstrated.
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