Photochemical Systems for Solar-to-Fuel Production

The photochemical system, which utilizes only solar energy and H2O/CO2 to produce hydrogen/carbon-based fuels, is considered a promising approach to reduce CO2 emissions and achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. To date, numerous photochemical systems have been developed to obtain a viable solar-to-fuel production system with sufficient energy efficiency. However, more effort is still needed to meet the requirements of industrial implementation. In this review, we systematically discuss a typical photochemical system for solar-to-fuel production, from classical theories and fundamental mechanisms to raw material selection, reaction condition optimization, and unit device/system advancement, from the viewpoint of ordered energy conversion. State-of-the-art photochemical systems, including photocatalytic, photovoltaic-electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, solar thermochemical, and other emerging systems, are summarized. We highlight the existing bottlenecks and discuss the developing trend of this technology. Finally, optimization strategies and new opportunities are proposed to enhance photochemical systems with higher energy efficiency.

Automated summary

The photochemical system, utilizing solar energy and H2O/CO2, is considered a promising approach towards reducing CO2 emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. Although numerous systems have been developed, more effort is needed for industrial implementation. This review systematically discusses a typical photochemical system, covering theories, mechanisms, material selection, reaction optimization, and system advancement. It summarizes state-of-the-art systems and highlights existing bottlenecks and future trends. Optimization strategies and new opportunities are proposed to enhance energy efficiency.