The Gut Microbiome-Brain Crosstalk in Neurodegenerative Diseases

The gut-brain axis (GBA) is a complex interactive network linking the gut to the brain. It involves the bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal and the central nervous system, mediated by endocrinological, immunological, and neural signals. Perturbations of the GBA have been reported in many neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting a possible role in disease pathogenesis, making it a potential therapeutic target. The gut microbiome is a pivotal component of the GBA, and alterations in its composition have been linked to GBA dysfunction and CNS inflammation and degeneration. The gut microbiome might influence the homeostasis of the central nervous system homeostasis through the modulation of the immune system and, more directly, the production of molecules and metabolites. Small clinical and preclinical trials, in which microbial composition was manipulated using dietary changes, fecal microbiome transplantation, and probiotic supplements, have provided promising outcomes. However, results are not always consistent, and large-scale randomized control trials are lacking. Here, we give an overview of how the gut microbiome influences the GBA and could contribute to disease pathogenesis in neurodegenerative diseases.

Automated summary

The gut-brain axis (GBA) is a complex network that connects the gut and the brain through bidirectional communication. The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in the GBA and its alterations have been associated with GBA dysfunction, CNS inflammation, and degeneration. Small clinical and preclinical trials have shown promising outcomes by manipulating the microbial composition, but larger randomized control trials are needed.