Self-powered and self-sensing devices based on human motion

The emergence of human-motion-based energy harvesters is a reflection of the need to develop future energy supplies for small-scale human-motion-based self-powered and self-sensing devices. Such systems have a widespread application in modern society, which includes health monitoring, medical care, wearable devices, wireless sensor nodes, and outdoor rescue. This paper overviews the state-of-the-art and recent progress in human-motion-based self-powered and self-sensing devices, where we classify the range of available energy sources, the energy conversion mechanisms, relevant materials, and novel device architectures to harvest hu-man-motion energy. The range of human-motion energy sources is classified into three categories based on how they act as excitation sources for energy harvesting. The commonly used energy conver-sion mechanisms are then overviewed in detail, which include elec-tromagnetic, piezoelectric, and electrostatic (dielectric elastomer generator and triboelectric nanogenerator) mechanisms, and the range of potential electroactive materials is discussed. In addition, the harvesting structures, operating mechanisms, and performance of human-motion-based energy harvesters are overviewed, dis-cussed, and characterized based on the range of available human -motion energy sources. Furthermore, the application of self -pow-ered devices in delivering power to implantable medical devices, wearable devices, and other low-powered electronics are compre-hensively reviewed. The state-of-the-art and future advances in hu-man-motion-based self-sensing devices are then reviewed and related to their application in human activity recognition, health monitoring, and human-machine interactions. Finally, key develop-ments are summarized and discussed, and the potential research di-rections and critical challenges are presented to highlight future op-portunities.

Automated summary

This paper provides an overview of the latest technology and applications of human-motion-based self-powered and self-sensing devices. It covers various aspects including energy sources, energy conversion mechanisms, materials, and device architectures. The application of self-powered devices in healthcare, wearable devices, and sensors is also reviewed. Furthermore, the development of human-motion-based self-sensing devices in human activity recognition, health monitoring, and human-machine interactions is discussed.