Journal
DIAGNOSTICS
Volume 12, Issue 8, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12081984
Keywords
glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; GIP; incretin; gut hormone; n-3 PUFA; DHA; EPA; supplementation; fatty acids
Categories
Funding
- EUROPEAN COMMISSION [244995]
- NATIONAL SCIENCE CENTRE [DEC-2011/02/A/NZ2/00022]
- MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND HIGHER EDUCATION [K/ZDS/007157, N41/DBS/000811]
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Elevated GIP levels in obese patients can be improved by n-3 PUFA supplementation, resulting in metabolic benefits and improved glucose tolerance through the reduction of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids.
Elevated glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) levels in obesity may predict the metabolic benefits of n-3 PUFA supplementation. This placebo-controlled trial aimed to analyze fasting and postprandial GIP response to 3-month n-3 PUFA supplementation (1.8 g/d; DHA:EPA, 5:1) along with caloric restriction (1200-1500 kcal/d) in obese subjects. Compliance was confirmed by the incorporation of DHA and EPA into red blood cells (RBCs). Blood analyses of glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), GIP and triglycerides were performed at fasting, and during an oral glucose tolerance test and a high fat mixed-meal tolerance test. Fatty acid composition of RBC was assessed by gas chromatography and total plasma fatty acid content and composition was measured by gas-liquid chromatography. The DHA and EPA content in RBCs significantly increased due to n-3 PUFA supplementation vs. placebo (77% vs. -3%, respectively). N-3 PUFA supplementation improved glucose tolerance and decreased circulating NEFA levels (0.750 vs. 0.615 mmol/L), as well as decreasing plasma saturated (1390 vs. 1001 mu g/mL) and monounsaturated (1135 vs. 790 mu g/mL) fatty acids in patients with relatively high GIP levels. The effects of n-3 PUFAs were associated with the normalization of fasting (47 vs. 36 pg/mL) and postprandial GIP levels. Obese patients with elevated endogenous GIP could be a target group for n-3 PUFA supplementation in order to achieve effects that obese patients without GIP disturbances can achieve with only caloric restriction.
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