Terpene glycoside component from Moutan Cortex ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress-related inflammatory responses

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Multiple lines of evidences have suggested that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related inflammatory responses play a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Moutan Cortex (MC), the root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa Andr., is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which has been used clinically for treating inflammatory diseases in China. The findings from our previous research suggested that terpene glycoside (TG) component of MC possessed favorable anti-inflammatory properties in curing DN. However, the underlying mechanisms of MC-TG for treating DN are still unknown. Aim of the study: To explore the role of ER stress-related inflammatory responses in the progression of DN, and to investigate the underlying protective mechanisms of MC-TG in kidney damage. Materials and methods: DN rats and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) induced HBZY-1 cell dysfunction were established to evaluate the protective effect of MC-TG on ameliorating renal injury. Evaluation of pathological lesions was performed by Masson staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78/Bip), as well as spliced X box binding protein 1(XBP-1(s)) levels in rat serum were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, western blotting (WB) was applied to detect the protein expressions including IL-6, MCP-1, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), GRP78/Bip, XBP-1 (s), phosphorylated inositol-requiring enzyme-1 alpha (p-IRE1 alpha), cleaved activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), phosphorylated PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (p-PERK), and phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B p65 (p-NF-kappa B p65) in vivo and in vitro. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was carried out to determine the phosphorylation of IRE1 alpha and NF-kappa B p65 in kidney tissues. Results: Pretreatment with MC-TG could markedly improve renal insufficiency and pathologic changes. It could down-regulate ER stress-related factors GRP78/Bip, XBP-1(s) levels, and also reduce the pro-inflammatory molecules IL-6, MCP-1, and ICAM-1 expressions. Furthermore, a significant decrease in phosphorylation of IRE1 alpha and NF-kappa B p65 by the treatment of MC-TG. Conclusions: These findings indicated that MC-TG ameliorated ER stress-related inflammation in the pathogenesis of DN, wherein the protective mechanism might be associated with the inhibition of IRE1/NF-kappa B activation. Thus, MC-TG might be a potential therapeutic candidate for the prevention and treatment of DN. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.