Assessment of Atrazine Migration in Soil and Groundwater Using Nitrate as an Indicator in an Intensively Cultivated Sugarcane Field, Suphan Buri Province, Thailand

Groundwater has been widely used in Thailand for many purposes, including agricultural activities; therefore, groundwater can be contaminated and affect the environment and human health. One of the most commonly applied and imported pesticides is atrazine, which is an herbicide used to control annual broadleaf and grass weeds in sugarcane. Monitoring and reducing the atrazine leaching potential into groundwater would play an important role in preventing this problem. The aim of this study is to evaluate the leaching potential of atrazine in Song Phi Nong District, Suphan Buri Province, via the attenuation/retardation factor model (AF/RF model) and the groundwater ubiquity score (GUS). It was found that most of the agricultural areas, especially the sugarcane fields, had high leaching potential due to the low adsorption and water holding capacity of the soil. The performance of the model was then evaluated by the result of nitrate (NO3-) detection in groundwater, which has been reported to be a pesticide and herbicide leaching indicator. Interestingly, the area with high leaching potential was partly contaminated by high NO3- concentration. However, some factors relating to leaching potential in the area were not considered in the model, causing low nitrate concentration detection. The isotopic ratio was also measured in this study to identify sources of NO3-; most of the nitrate in the groundwater samples, as a result, was polluted by human activities, especially from domestic wastewater. The AF/RF model can be a risk management and groundwater resource planning assistant, leading to human health and environmental protection related to pesticide-contaminated groundwater.

Automated summary

Groundwater in Thailand is commonly used for various purposes, but it can be contaminated and pose risks to the environment and human health. This study evaluated the leaching potential of atrazine, a commonly used herbicide in sugarcane fields, in the Song Phi Nong District. The findings showed that areas with sugarcane fields had high leaching potential due to the low adsorption capacity of the soil. The study also assessed the presence of nitrate in groundwater, which is an indicator of pesticide and herbicide leaching. The results revealed that some areas with high leaching potential were contaminated by high nitrate concentrations, primarily from human activities such as domestic wastewater. The AF/RF model used in this study can serve as a valuable tool for managing pesticide-contaminated groundwater and protecting human health and the environment.