Tumor-permeated ATP-based size-controllable immunogenic cell death amplifier remodel immunosuppressive microenvironment to boost cancer immunotherapy

Increase extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP, a necessary eat me signal for ICD) is a facile way to amplify immunogenic cell death (ICD) cascade for cancer immunotherapy. However, it is still challenging for intra-tumoral delivery ATP due to complicated enzyme environment in the whole body. Furthermore, tumor immu-nosuppressive microenvironment (TIM) also hampers the function of mature DCs and limit the activation of immune response. To overcome these drawbacks, a tumor-permeated ATP-based immunogenic cell death amplifier (NABP@SNCs) is fabricated for the first time. (Phenylboronic acid-polyethylene glycol-phenylboronic acid) PBA-PEG-PBA stabilized ultrasmall platinum nanoparticles (ABP) is constructed and interacted with ATP through borate ester bond. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitor NLG919 and ABP are co-wrapped with MMP-2 sensitive framework to form NABP@SNCs. NABP@SNCs can not only protect ATP degradation but also release small sized ABP under MMP-2 microenvironment for tumor penetration. Interestingly, ATP can also be released into extracellular regions in tumor acidic pH and act as 'eat me signal' for DCs maturation. Synergistically ICD activation by BP (PBA-PEG-PBA stabilized ultrasmall platinum nanoparticles) and TIM reversal by NLG919 can facilitate T lymphocyte cells infiltration for immune response. NABP@SNCs can significantly regress tumor growth and reduce pulmonary metastasis for improved cancer immunotherapy.

Automated summary

Increasing extracellular ATP can amplify immunogenic cell death cascade for cancer immunotherapy, but its intra-tumoral delivery is challenging due to the enzyme environment and tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. To overcome these limitations, researchers have developed a tumor-permeated ATP-based immunogenic cell death amplifier.