The risk of nano- and micro-plastics contamination on the geoenvironment: an ecotoxicological perspective

Plastic pollution in the terrestrial environment is emerging as another significant manmade threat to ecosystem function and health. Plastic contamination can range from the macro-to-nano scale, and environmental impacts are evident at each level. Although significant knowledge gaps remain regarding the interactions between the natural environment and nano- and micro-plastics (NMPs), there is an increasing body of evidence concerning detrimental effects on a wide range of taxa. The surface properties of NMPs lead to the adsorption of heavy metals, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, antibiotics and other persistent organic pollutants, which, therefore, can result in their co-migration in the terrestrial environment. Although airborne and dietary transmission routes of NMPs have been observed, their effects to human health are still not fully understood, which is of concern to the scientific community. This state-of-the-art review paper firstly examines available evidence for, and knowledge of, various sources of NMP contamination to the terrestrial environment. Attention then focuses on (i) the biological processes from source to soils and plants, (ii) potential impacts of NMPs on soil and subsurface ecosystems, (iii) trophic interactions and function, and (iv) implications for environmental and human health. The paper concludes by identifying knowledge gaps and presents recommendations on prioritised research needs.

Automated summary

Plastic pollution in the terrestrial environment poses a significant threat to ecosystem function and health. Although there are knowledge gaps regarding the interactions between nano- and micro-plastics (NMPs) and the natural environment, there is increasing evidence of detrimental effects on various species. NMPs have the ability to adsorb heavy metals, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and other pollutants, contributing to their migration in the terrestrial environment. The airborne and dietary transmission routes of NMPs and their effects on human health are still not fully understood.