Journal
BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY
Volume -, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s13399-022-03179-5
Keywords
Titanate nanotubes; Sulfamic acid; Heterogenous catalyst; Levulinic acid; Butyl levulinate; Esterification
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [21606082]
- Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China [2018JJ3334]
- Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department [19A035, 20B364]
- Science and Technology Planning Project of Hunan Province [2018TP1017]
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Covalently bonded sulfamic acid on the titanate nanotubes showed high catalytic activity and good recyclability for the esterification reaction.
Covalently bonded sulfamic acid on the titanate nanotubes (TNTs-N(SO3H)-(CH2)(2)-NHSO3H) was designed and successfully fabricated by the post-synthesis modification method. The as-prepared catalyst was characterized by a variety of characterization techniques such as FT-IR, TEM, XRD, XPS, and TG-DTG. The catalytic activity of TNTs-N(SO3H)-(CH2)(2)-NHSO3H was evaluated for the synthesis of n-butyl levulinate (BL) from levulinic acid (LA). It was found that the tube-like structure of the TNTs still maintained during the modification process, and Bronsted and Lewis acid sites can be efficiently immobilized on the TNTs. The effects of reaction factors such as reaction time, reaction temperature, and catalyst dosage on the esterification of LA were systematically studied. Under the optimal reaction conditions, a relatively high yield of BL (95.3%) was achieved for esterification of levulinic acid owing to the strong Bronsted acidic sites. Furthermore, the hybrid catalyst TNTs-N(SO3H)-(CH2)(2)-NHSO3H was used at least five times without significant decrease in activity, and no leaching of the active species in hot filtration test was observed.
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