RNAi-Mediated Silencing of Putative Halloween Gene Phantom Affects the Performance of Rice Striped Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis

Simple Summary Ecdysteroids have a significant role in insect development and reproduction. Ecdysteroidogensis is regulated by a group of genes known as Halloween genes. We provide experimental evidence that Chilo suppressalis-phantom (Cs-Phm) in rice striped stem borer is a Halloween gene phantom and has important role in specific steps in ecdysteroidogensis. Three lines of experiments were done on typical protein domains of Cs-Phm, RNAi-mediated knockdown of Cs-Phm, and the rescue of larval development in dsRNA-treated groups. The results strongly suggest that Cs-Phm plays a critical role in ecdysteroidogensis in rice striped stem borer. The physiological and biochemical characterization of the Halloween genes has fundamental importance in the biosynthesis pathway of ecdysteroids. These genes were found to catalyze the final phases of ecdysteroid biosynthesis from dietary cholesterol to the molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. We report the characterization of the Cs-Phm in a major insect pest in agriculture, the rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (C. suppressalis). A full-length transcript of Cs-Phm was amplified with an open reading frame (ORF) of 478 amino acids through 5 ' and 3 ' RACE. Cs-Phm shows five insect-conserved P450 motifs: Helix-C, Helix-I, Helix-K, PERF, and heme-binding motifs. Phylogenetic analysis clearly shows high similarity to Lepidoptera and evolutionary conservation in insects. The relative spatial and temporal transcript profile shows that Cs-Phm is highly expressed in the prothoracic glands and appears throughout the larval development, but with low expression at the start of the larval instar. It seems to peak in 3-4 days and decreases again before the larvae molt. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) injection of Cs-Phm at the larval stage efficiently knocked down the target gene and decreased its expression level. The dsRNA-treated group showed significantly decreased ecdysteroid titers, which leads to delayed larval development and higher larval mortality. Negative effects of larval development were rescued by treating 20E in the dsRNA-treated group. Thus, in conclusion, our results suggest that Cs-Phm is functionally conserved in C. suppressalis and encodes functional CYP that contributes to the biogenesis of 20E.

Automated summary

The Cs-Phm gene in the rice striped stem borer plays an important role in ecdysteroidogenesis, regulating the synthesis of molting hormones. Knocking down the Cs-Phm gene through RNA interference leads to decreased ecdysteroid levels, delayed larval development, and higher mortality rates.