Journal
NPJ VACCINES
Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages -Publisher
NATURE PORTFOLIO
DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00504-x
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Funding
- R. K. Mellon Foundation
- University of Pittsburgh Center for Vaccine Research
- UPMC Children's Hospital
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund [1013362.02]
- Henry L. Hillman Foundation
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This study observed the immune responses elicited by the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and Ad26.COV2.S. The results showed that mRNA-based vaccines elicited higher magnitude humoral responses, with mRNA-1273 inducing the most durable response, but all humoral responses decreased over time. Neutralizing antibodies against the Delta variant were lower for all three vaccines. The T cell response initially induced by mRNA-1273 was the most significant, but declined after six months. Therefore, declining immunity over time emphasizes the importance of booster doses.
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and Ad26.COV2.S received emergency use authorization by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2020/2021. Individuals being vaccinated were invited to participate in a prospective longitudinal comparative study of immune responses elicited by the three vaccines. In this observational cohort study, immune responses were evaluated using a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain ELISA, SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralization assays and an IFN- gamma ELISPOT assay at various times over six months following initial vaccination. mRNA-based vaccines elicited higher magnitude humoral responses than Ad26.COV2.S; mRNA-1273 elicited the most durable humoral response, and all humoral responses waned over time. Neutralizing antibodies against the Delta variant were of lower magnitude than the wild-type strain for all three vaccines. mRNA-1273 initially elicited the greatest magnitude of T cell response, but this declined by 6 months. Declining immunity over time supports the use of booster dosing, especially in the setting of emerging variants.
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