Significance of Autoantibodies to Ki/SL as Biomarkers for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Sicca Syndrome

Anti-Ki/SL antibodies were first described in 1981 and have been associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sicca syndrome. Despite the long history, very little is known about this autoantibody system, and significant confusion persists. Anti-Ki/SL antibodies target a 32 kDa protein (also known as PSME3, HEL-S-283, PA28y, REGy, proteasome activator subunit 3), which is part of the proteasome complex. Depending on the assay used and the cohort studied, the antibodies have been reported in approximately 20% of SLE patients with high disease specificity as compared to non-connective tissue disease controls. The aim of this review is to summarize the history and key publications, and to explore future direction of anti-Ki/SL antibodies.

Automated summary

Anti-Ki/SL antibodies are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sicca syndrome, but little is known about this autoantibody system. These antibodies target a protein in the proteasome complex and have a reported prevalence of approximately 20% in SLE patients. This review aims to summarize the history, key publications, and future directions of research on anti-Ki/SL antibodies.