Journal
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 13, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.967410
Keywords
Liver fibrosis; NASH; innate immune response; adaptive immunity; CD4(+) T cells
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Shenzhen Basic Research Project
- [81970606]
- [81970595]
- [81970636]
- [81970642]
- [JCYJ20210324095005015]
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Liver fibrosis is a life-threatening disease worldwide, with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) being a major cause, and immune response and inflammation playing important roles in the development and progression of NASH.
Liver fibrosis is a common pathological feature of end stage liver failure, a severe life-threatening disease worldwide. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), especially its more severe form with steatohepatitis (NASH), results from obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome and becomes a leading cause of liver fibrosis. Genetic factor, lipid overload/toxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation have all been implicated in the development and progression of NASH. Both innate immune response and adaptive immunity contribute to NASH-associated inflammation. Innate immunity may cause inflammation and subsequently fibrosis via danger-associated molecular patterns. Increasing evidence indicates that T cell-mediated adaptive immunity also provokes inflammation and fibrosis in NASH via cytotoxicity, cytokines and other proinflammatory and profibrotic mediators. Recently, the single-cell transcriptome profiling has revealed that the populations of CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, gamma delta T cells, and TEMs are expanded in the liver with NASH. The activation of T cells requires antigen presentation from professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including macrophages, dendritic cells, and B-cells. However, since hepatocytes express MHCII molecules and costimulators, they may also act as an atypical APC to promote T cell activation. Additionally, the phenotypic switch of hepatocytes to proinflammatory cells in NASH contributes to the development of inflammation. In this review, we focus on T cells and in particular CD4(+) T cells and discuss the role of different subsets of CD4(+) T cells including Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22, and Treg in NASH-related liver inflammation and fibrosis.
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