Journal
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 13, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907387
Keywords
sepsis; inflammation; TREM-1; shock; DAMP
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Funding
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) [R35GM118337, U01AI33655]
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TREM-1, an upregulated pattern recognition receptor in inflammatory diseases, can amplify immune responses. The excessive activation of TREM-1 and increased levels of circulating sTREM-1 have been found to be associated with increased mortality in sepsis patients. Therefore, targeting TREM-1 could be a promising strategy for sepsis treatment.
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is a pattern recognition receptor, which can be upregulated in inflammatory diseases as an amplifier of immune responses. Once activated, TREM-1 induces the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, in addition to increasing its own expression and circulating levels of the cleaved soluble extracellular portion of TREM-1 (sTREM-1). This amplification of the inflammatory response by TREM-1 has now been considered as a critical contributor to the dysregulated immune responses in sepsis. Studies have shown that in septic patients there is an elevated expression of TREM-1 on immune cells and increased circulating levels of sTREM-1, associated with increased mortality. As a result, a considerable effort has been made towards identifying endogenous ligands of TREM-1 and developing TREM-1 inhibitory peptides to attenuate the exacerbated inflammatory response in sepsis. TREM-1 modulation has proven a promising strategy for the development of therapeutic agents to treat sepsis. Therefore, this review encompasses the ligands investigated as activators of TREM-1 thus far and highlights the development and efficacy of novel inhibitors for the treatment of sepsis and septic shock.
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