Journal
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 13, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932893
Keywords
obesity; Th2 (type-2) immune responses; T helper cell 2; metabolism; helminth; malnutrition; adipokine cytokines
Categories
Funding
- Science Foundation Ireland [10/IN.1/B3004]
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) at the University Hospital of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg [J79]
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Stiftung [2019_A181]
- Federal Ministry of Education and Research [BMBF 01KI2109]
- National Childrens Research Centre
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) [10/IN.1/B3004] Funding Source: Science Foundation Ireland (SFI)
Ask authors/readers for more resources
In recent decades, the relationship between the immune system and metabolism has become a major research focus. The secretion of immunomodulatory molecules by adipose tissue during obesity, along with underlying low-grade inflammation, has brought attention to the impact obesity has on the immune system. Adipokines and nutrient availability play crucial roles in the differentiation and activation of T cells. The influence of obesity on the immune system is particularly evident in Th2-dominated immune responses.
Over the past decades, the relationship between the immune system and metabolism has become a major research focus. In this arena of immunometabolism the capacity of adipose tissue to secrete immunomodulatory molecules, including adipokines, within the underlying low-grade inflammation during obesity brought attention to the impact obesity has on the immune system. Adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, influence T cell differentiation into different T helper subsets and their activation during immune responses. Furthermore, within the cellular milieu of adipose tissue nutrient availability regulates differentiation and activation of T cells and changes in cellular metabolic pathways. Upon activation, T cells shift from oxidative phosphorylation to oxidative glycolysis, while the differential signaling of the kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the nuclear receptor PPAR gamma, amongst others, drive the subsequent T cell differentiation. While the mechanisms leading to a shift from the typical type 2-dominated milieu in lean people to a Th1-biased pro-inflammatory environment during obesity are the subject of extensive research, insights on its impact on peripheral Th2-dominated immune responses become more evident. In this review, we will summarize recent findings of how Th2 cells are metabolically regulated during obesity and malnutrition, and how these states affect local and systemic Th2-biased immune responses.
Authors
I am an author on this paper
Click your name to claim this paper and add it to your profile.
Reviews
Recommended
No Data Available