4.6 Article

Channel-Wise Average Pooling and 1D Pixel-Shuffle Denoising Autoencoder for Electrode Motion Artifact Removal in ECG

Journal

APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
Volume 12, Issue 14, Pages -

Publisher

MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/app12146957

Keywords

electrocardiogram (ECG); deep learning; denoising autoencoder; signal denoising

Funding

  1. Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan [MOST 110-2622-E-224-006, 110-2221-E-150-045, 109-2221-E-150-043]
  2. Smart Machinery and Intelligent Manufacturing Research Center, and Higher Education SPROUT Project, National Formosa University, Yunlin, Taiwan
  3. Ministry of Education (MOE) Female Researching Talent Cultivation Project for STEM field
  4. Intelligent Recognition Industry Service Center from the Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan

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This paper presents a denoising autoencoder design that effectively removes electrode motion artifacts in an electrocardiogram signal. The proposed design has three advantages: reduced memory usage, preservation of key features, and fewer required parameters. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed models outperform state-of-the-art methods in denoising performance.
This paper presents a channel-wise average pooling and one dimension pixel-shuffle architecture for a denoising autoencoder (CPDAE) design that can be applied to efficiently remove electrode motion (EM) artifacts in an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. The three advantages of the proposed design are as follows: (1) In the skip connection layer, less memory is needed to transfer the features extracted by the neural network; (2) Pixel shuffle and pixel unshuffle techniques with point-wise convolution are used to effectively reserve the key features generated from each layer in both the encoder and decoder; (3) Overall, fewer parameters are required to reconstruct the ECG signal. This paper describes three deep neural network models, namely CPDAE(Lite), CPDAE(Regular), and CPDAE(Full), which support various computational capacity and hardware arrangements. The three proposed structures involve an encoder and decoder with six, seven, and eight layers, respectively. Furthermore, the CPDAE(Lite), CPDAE(Regular), and CPDAE(Full) structures require fewer multiply-accumulate operations-355.01, 56.96, and 14.69 million, respectively-and less parameter usage-2.69 million, 149.7 thousand, and 55.5 thousand, respectively. To evaluate the denoising performance, the MIT-BIH noise stress test database containing six signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of noisy ECGs was employed. The results demonstrated that the proposed models had a higher improvement of SNR and lower percentage root-mean-square difference than other state-of-the-art methods under various conditions of SNR.

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