Journal
NANOMATERIALS
Volume 12, Issue 15, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/nano12152697
Keywords
electrocatalysis; nickel; electronic waste; layered double hydroxide; recycling; circular economy; re-use; nanoparticle; liquid-liquid extraction; ionic liquid; ceramic capacitor
Categories
Funding
- SCARCE project - National Research Foundation, Singapore
- National Environment Agency, Singapore under its Closing the Waste Loop Funding Initiative [USS-IF-2018-4]
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To develop efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts, this study focuses on upcycling Class II BaTiO3 Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors to recover metal ions and synthesize high potential catalysts NiFe hydroxide and NiCu hydroxide, which have demonstrated faster OER kinetics than commercial c-RuO2.
To move away from fossil fuels, the electrochemical reaction plays a critical role in renewable energy sources and devices. The anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is always coupled with these reactions in devices but suffers from large energy barriers. Thus, it is important for developing efficient OER catalysts with low overpotential. On the other hand, there are large amounts of metals in electronic waste (E-waste), especially various transition metals that are promising alternatives for catalyzing OER. Hence, this work, which focuses on upcycling Class II BaTiO3 Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors, of which two trillion were produced in 2011 alone. We achieved this by first using a green solvent extraction method that combined the ionic liquid Aliquat (R) 336 and hydrochloride acid to recover a mixed solution of Ni, Fe and Cu cations, and then using such a solution to synthesize high potential catalysts NiFe hydroxide and NiCu hydroxide for OER. NiFe-hydroxide has been demonstrated to have faster OER kinetics than the NiCu-hydroxide and commercial c-RuO2. In addition, it showed promising results after the chronopotentiometry tests that outperform c-RuO2.
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