Journal
NANOMATERIALS
Volume 12, Issue 12, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/nano12121994
Keywords
black phosphorus; optical diffraction tomography; Raman mapping; cellular internalization
Categories
Funding
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering [2-P41-EB015871-31]
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences [DP2GM128198]
- MUR PRIN2017-ACTION [2017SZ5WZB]
- Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Collaboration (MAECI) within the Scientific and Collaboration Program Italy-USA/2019-2021 [US19GR07]
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Black phosphorus nanosheets (2D BP) were visualized and monitored in cancer cells using optical diffraction tomography (ODT) and Raman spectroscopy, which provided insights into their internalization and chemical changes. This label-free morpho-molecular approach offers a powerful tool for studying the pharmacokinetic properties of engineered nanomaterials in preclinical research.
Black phosphorus nanosheets (2D BP) are emerging as very promising, highly selective chemotherapeutic agents due to their fast degradation in the intracellular matrix of cancer cells. Here, optical diffraction tomography (ODT) and Raman spectroscopy were exploited as a powerful label-free approach to achieve integrated insights into the processes accompanying the administration of exfoliated 2D BP flakes in human prostatic adenocarcinoma and normal human prostate epithelial cells. Our ODT experiments provided unambiguous visualization of the 2D BP internalization in cancer cells and the morphological modifications of those cells in the apoptotic phase. The cellular internalization and damaging occurred, respectively, 18 h and 36-48 h after the 2D BP administration. Changes in the chemical properties of the internalized 2D BP flakes were monitored by Raman spectroscopy. Interestingly, a fast oxidation process of the 2D BP flakes was activated in the intracellular matrix of the cancer cells after 24 h of incubation. This was in sharp contrast to the low 2D BP uptake and minimal chemical changes observed in the normal cells. Along with the understanding of the 2D BP fate in the cancer cells, the proposed label-free morpho-molecular approach offers a powerful, rapid tool to study the pharmacokinetic properties of engineered nanomaterials in preclinical research.
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