Journal
SYMMETRY-BASEL
Volume 14, Issue 7, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/sym14071331
Keywords
gravitation; cosmology; galaxies: kinematics and dynamics; galaxies: evolution; galaxies: interactions; galaxies: groups; galaxies: clusters; large-scale structure of universe
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Funding
- Science and Technology Facilities Council [ST/V000861/1]
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Astronomical observations reveal a major deficiency in our understanding of physics, which may be explained by Milgromian dynamics (MOND) theory. We review the MOND theory and test its predictions using evidence from galaxies and the universe. We find that MOND is well-supported by data across different scales. The article also discusses future testing directions.
Astronomical observations reveal a major deficiency in our understanding of physics-the detectable mass is insufficient to explain the observed motions in a huge variety of systems given our current understanding of gravity, Einstein's General theory of Relativity (GR). This missing gravity problem may indicate a breakdown of GR at low accelerations, as postulated by Milgromian dynamics (MOND). We review the MOND theory and its consequences, including in a cosmological context where we advocate a hybrid approach involving light sterile neutrinos to address MOND's cluster-scale issues. We then test the novel predictions of MOND using evidence from galaxies, galaxy groups, galaxy clusters, and the large-scale structure of the universe. We also consider whether the standard cosmological paradigm (ACDM) can explain the observations and review several previously published highly significant falsifications of it. Our overall assessment considers both the extent to which the data agree with each theory and how much flexibility each has when accommodating the data, with the gold standard being a clear a priori prediction not informed by the data in question. Our conclusion is that MOND is favoured by a wealth of data across a huge range of astrophysical scales, ranging from the kpc scales of galactic bars to the Gpc scale of the local supervoid and the Hubble tension, which is alleviated in MOND through enhanced cosmic variance. We also consider several future tests, mostly at scales much smaller than galaxies.
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