Spatial and Temporal Variability of Grassland Grasshopper Habitat Suitability and Its Main Influencing Factors

Grasshoppers are highly destructive pests, and their outbreak can directly damage livestock development. Grasshopper outbreaks can be monitored and forecasted through dynamic analysis of their potential geographic distribution and main influencing factors. By integrating vegetation, edaphic, meteorological, topography, and other geospatial data, this study simulated the grasshopper suitability index in Hulunbuir grassland using maximum entropy species distribution modeling (Maxent). The Maxent model showed high accuracy, with the training area under the curve (AUC) value ranging from 0.897 to 0.973 and the testing AUC ranging from 0.853 to 0.971 for the past 13 years. The results showed that suitable areas, including the most suitable area and moderately suitable area, accounted for a small proportion and were mainly located in the eastern and southern parts of the study area. According to model analysis based on 51 environmental factors, not all factors played a significant role in the grasshopper cycle. Moreover, differences in environmental factors drive the spatial variability of suitable areas for grasshoppers. The monitoring and prediction of potential outbreak areas can be improved by identifying major environmental factors having large variability between suitable and unsuitable areas. Future trends in grasshopper suitability indices are likely to contradict past trends in most of the study area, with only approximately 33% of the study area continuing the past trend. The results are expected to guide future monitoring and prediction of grasshoppers in Hulunbuir grassland.

Automated summary

This study used the Maxent model to simulate the grasshopper suitability index in Hulunbuir grassland and analyzed the potential outbreak areas and main influencing factors. The results showed that suitable areas were mainly located in the eastern and southern parts of the study area, and differences in environmental factors drove the spatial variability of suitable areas.