Characteristics of Microplastics and Their Affiliated PAHs in Surface Water in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Microplastic pollution has become a worldwide concern. However, studies on the distribution of microplastics (MPs) from inland water to the ocean and their affiliated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are still limited in Vietnam. In this study, we investigated the distribution of MPs and PAHs associated with MPs in canals, Saigon River, and Can Gio Sea. MPs were found at all sites, with the highest average abundance of MPs being 104.17 +/- 162.44 pieces/m(3) in canals, followed by 2.08 +/- 2.22 pieces/m(3) in the sea, and 0.60 +/- 0.38 pieces/m(3) in the river. Fragment, fiber, and granule were three common shapes, and each shape was dominant in one sampling area. White was the most common MP color at all sites. A total of 13 polymers and co-polymers were confirmed, and polyethylene, polypropylene, and ethylene-vinyl acetate were the three dominant polymers. The total concentration of MPs-affiliated PAHs ranged from 232.71 to 6448.66, from 30.94 to 8940.99, and from 432.95 to 3267.88 ng/g in Can Gio sea, canals, and Saigon River, respectively. Petrogenic sources were suggested as a major source of PAHs associated with MPs in Can Gio Sea, whereas those found in Saigon River and canals were from both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources.

Automated summary

Microplastic pollution is a global concern and limited research has been conducted in Vietnam. This study investigated the distribution of microplastics and their associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in canals, Saigon River, and Can Gio Sea. Microplastics were found at all sites, with the highest abundance in canals. White was the most common color and each sampling area had a dominant shape and polymer. The PAHs associated with microplastics in Can Gio Sea were suggested to come from petrogenic sources, while those in Saigon River and canals were from both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources.