4.6 Article

The metabolomics variations among rice, brown rice, wet germinated brown rice, and processed wet germinated brown rice

Journal

JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AGRICULTURE
Volume 21, Issue 9, Pages 2767-2776

Publisher

ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.07.025

Keywords

brown rice; germination; metabolomics; metabolic pathway; high temperature and pressure

Funding

  1. National Key Research and Development Program of China [2021YFD2100902]
  2. Major Science and Technology Program of Heilongjiang, China [2019ZX08B02]
  3. Research Funding for Scientific Research Institutes in Heilongjiang Province, China [CZKYF2021B001]
  4. National Rice Industry Technology System, China [CARS-01-50]
  5. Heilongjiang Touyan Team, China [HITTY-20190034]

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Germination and processing lead to significant changes in the metabolic compositions of rice. Different forms of rice exhibit variations in metabolic compositions. Specific metabolites, such as flavonoids, play a role in the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory effects of wet germinated brown rice. High temperature and pressure treatment further influences specific metabolites, improving the nutrition and storage properties of brown rice.
Germination and processing are always accompanied by significant changes in the metabolic compositions of rice. In this study, polished rice (rice), brown rice, wet germinated brown rice (WGBR), high temperature and pressure-treated WGBR (WGBR-HTP), and low temperature-treated WGBR (WGBR-T18) were enrolled. An untargeted metabolomics assay isolated 6 122 positive ions and 4 224 negative ions (multiple difference >= 1.2 or <= 0.8333, P<0.05, and VIP >= 1) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrum. These identified ions were mainly classified into three categories, including the compounds with biological roles, lipids, and phytochemical compounds. In addition to WGBR-T18 vs. WGBR, massive differential positive and negative ions were revealed between rice of different forms. Flavonoids, fatty acids, carboxylic acids, and organoxygen compounds were the dominant differential metabolites. Based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, there 7 metabolic pathways (phenylalanine/tyrosine/tryptophan biosynthesis, histidine metabolism, betalain biosynthesis, C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism, purine metabolism, zeatin biosynthesis, and carbon metabolism) were determined between brown rice and rice. Germination changed the metabolic pathways of porphyrin and chlorophyll, pyrimidine, and purine metabolisms in brown rice. In addition, phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism were differential metabolic pathways between WGBR-HTP and WGBR-T18. To sum up, there were obvious variations in metabolic compositions of rice, brown rice, WGBR, and WGBR-HTP. The changes of specific metabolites, such as flavonoids contributed to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory effects of GBR. HTP may further improve the nutrition and storage of GBR through influencing specific metabolites, such as flavonoids and fatty acids.

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