Journal
ADVANCED HEALTHCARE MATERIALS
Volume 11, Issue 17, Pages -Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200075
Keywords
bioelectronic medicines; electrical stimulation; flexible electronics; neurostimulation; temporal interference; transcutaneous
Funding
- European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union [716867, 949191]
- City Council of Brno, Czech Republic
- European Research Council [834677]
- Swedish Research Council
- MedTechLabs
- European Research Council (ERC) [949191, 716867, 834677] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC)
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This study demonstrates the technique of temporal interference nerve stimulation (TINS), which allows noninvasive stimulation of deep peripheral nerves without the need for surgically implanted devices. TINS can achieve effective activation at lower current amplitudes compared to standard transcutaneous electrical stimulation, and precise alignment of stimulation can be achieved using flexible and conformable on-skin multielectrode arrays. This research has important clinical implications and potential applications.
Electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves is a cornerstone of bioelectronic medicine. Effective ways to accomplish peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) noninvasively without surgically implanted devices are enabling for fundamental research and clinical translation. Here, it is demonstrated how relatively high-frequency sine-wave carriers (3 kHz) emitted by two pairs of cutaneous electrodes can temporally interfere at deep peripheral nerve targets. The effective stimulation frequency is equal to the offset frequency (0.5 - 4 Hz) between the two carriers. This principle of temporal interference nerve stimulation (TINS) in vivo using the murine sciatic nerve model is validated. Effective actuation is delivered at significantly lower current amplitudes than standard transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Further, how flexible and conformable on-skin multielectrode arrays can facilitate precise alignment of TINS onto a nerve is demonstrated. This method is simple, relying on the repurposing of existing clinically-approved hardware. TINS opens the possibility of precise noninvasive stimulation with depth and efficiency previously impossible with transcutaneous techniques.
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