Effect of income level on stroke incidence and the mediated effect of simultaneous diagnosis of metabolic syndrome diseases; a nationwide cohort study in South Korea

Background This study aimed to determine whether a simultaneous diagnosis of main components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia) plays a mediator between income level and stroke. Methods We used the National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort database from 2006 to 2015. The mediator variables were the number of main MetS components diagnosed simultaneously (two or more/three or more). We used a weighting approach method of causal mediation analysis to apply counterfactual frameworks to the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results A total of 213,526 people were included with 1,690,665.3 person-years of followed up. Compared with the high-income group, the risk of being diagnosed with two or more components of MetS significantly increased in all other income groups [middle-income OR 1.05 (95% CI 1.02-1.08); low-income OR 1.09 (95% CI 1.05-1.12); Medical Aid beneficiaries OR 1.39 (95% CI 1.32-1.47)]. A lower level of income was significantly associated with a higher risk of stroke compared with the high-income group [middle-income HR 1.15 (95% CI 1.07-1.25); low-income HR 1.19 (95% CI 1.10-1.29); Medical Aid beneficiaries HR 1.63 (95% CI 1.48-1.80)]. In the Medical Aid beneficiaries, simultaneous diagnosis of the main metabolic components acted as a significant mediator between income levels and stroke incidence, with 26.6% mediated when diagnosed with two or more diseases and 21.1% when diagnosed with all three. Conclusions Co-diagnosis of MetS components played a significant mediator role between income level and stroke incidence.

Automated summary

This study found that simultaneous diagnosis of the main components of metabolic syndrome played a significant mediator role between income level and stroke incidence. A lower income level was associated with a higher risk of being diagnosed with multiple components of metabolic syndrome and a higher risk of stroke. In individuals receiving medical aid, the simultaneous diagnosis of metabolic components acted as an important mediator between income levels and stroke incidence.