Journal
ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS
Volume 12, Issue 27, Pages -Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202200715
Keywords
active sites; hard carbons; Na-storage mechanism; sodium-ion batteries
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Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [22005023, 52072021]
- Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission [Z181100004718007]
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [buctrc202141]
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This review provides a comprehensive overview of the Na-storage mechanism in hard carbons as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, focusing on Na-storage active sites and related models, and offers guidance for designing high-performance anodes.
Hard carbons are promising anode candidates for sodium-ion batteries due to their excellent Na-storage performance, abundant resources, and low cost. Despite the recent advances in hard carbons, the interpretation of the Na-storage mechanism in hard carbons remains unclear, with discrepancies over a general model describing the corresponding structure-property relationship. For the rational structural design of high-performance hard carbon anodes, a thorough understanding of the charge storage mechanism and the relationship between microstructure and Na-storage performance is critical. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the known models to describe the Na-storage mechanism in hard carbons with a discussion focused on Na-storage active sites such as interlayer space, pores, heteroatoms, and defects. The present models, including the insertion-filling, adsorption-filling, adsorption-insertion, and multistage mechanism and the associated analytical characterization, are elaborately discussed with a view to the present challenges and the prospects for unveiling Na-storage mechanism in hard carbons. The review serves to clarify the Na-storage mechanism in hard carbons with guidance toward the design of high-performance anodes for sodium-ion batteries.
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