An analysis of 45 large-scale wastewater sites in England to estimate SARS-CoV-2 community prevalence

Article Immunology

Characterizing Environmental Surveillance Sites in Nigeria and Their Sensitivity to Detect Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses

Abdullahi Walla Hamisu et al.

Summary: This study suggests that measuring sewage properties and estimating catchment population can improve the selection of environmental surveillance sites and increase surveillance sensitivity for poliovirus and other enteroviruses.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Metrics to relate COVID-19 wastewater data to clinical testing dynamics

Amy Xiao et al.

Summary: Wastewater surveillance is a useful tool in the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Quantitative metrics are needed to interpret wastewater data in the context of public health trends. Three new metrics have been demonstrated to monitor changes in COVID-19 epidemiology.

WATER RESEARCH (2022)

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Review Environmental Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in water and wastewater: A critical review about presence and concern

Hai Nguyen Tran et al.

Summary: The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in water and wastewater is primarily through patients' stools and masks, while disinfection is effective in inactivating most coronaviruses. However, the survival period of coronaviruses in water varies depending on several factors.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Editorial Material Infectious Diseases

COVID-19 case fatality rates can be highly misleading in resource-poor and fragile nations: the case of Yemen

Mohammed Noushad et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2021)

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Review Virology

Population-based prevalence surveys during the Covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review

Vinicius Bonetti Franceschi et al.

Summary: Population-based prevalence surveys of Covid-19 from 37 studies in 19 countries revealed that most studies were from Europe and America, using antibody testing with highly variable sample sizes and prevalence estimates. Minority communities were disproportionately affected, and important risks of bias were detected in sample size, data analysis, standard measurements, and response rates. Few consistent patterns for high risk of bias were found, with intermediate risk related to American and European studies, municipal initiatives, blood samples, and prevalence above 1%. Low risk of bias was associated with Asian studies, nationwide initiatives, RT-PCR tests, and prevalence below 1%. Identifying methodological standards may assist in future population-based surveys.

REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in England from April to November, 2020: results from the ONS Coronavirus Infection Survey

Koen B. Pouwels et al.

Summary: This study in England found significant changes in the number of individuals testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and risk factors for positivity over time from April to November 2020. Important risk factors for testing positive varied between the first and second waves, with age being a key driver of increased positivity rates in the second wave. Continued monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 in the community will be important for managing the COVID-19 pandemic moving forwards.

LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Effect of internationally imported cases on internal spread of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study

Timothy W. Russell et al.

Summary: The study found that in some countries, imported cases may have little impact on local COVID-19 epidemics, while in others, they may contribute a higher proportion to the total incidence. Stringent travel restrictions may help control the epidemic in some countries, but have limited impact on others.

LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH (2021)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Current and future perspectives for wastewater-based epidemiology as a monitoring tool for pharmaceutical use

Tim Boogaerts et al.

Summary: Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has shown potential in evaluating lifestyle factors at the population level, but further research is needed to connect WBE data with routine pharmacoepidemiologic information sources and workflows.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England

Nicholas G. Davies et al.

Summary: A new variant of SARS-CoV-2 has emerged in England, with a higher reproduction number and potential for large resurgences of COVID-19 cases. Without stringent control measures, it is projected that COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths in England for the first 6 months of 2021 will exceed those in 2020. The variant has spread globally and exhibited similar transmission increases in Denmark, Switzerland, and the United States.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Single Dose of an mRNA Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) Vaccine Is Associated With Lower Nasopharyngeal Viral Load Among Nursing Home Residents With Asymptomatic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

M. Catherine McEllistrem et al.

Summary: A single dose of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine has been shown to lower the viral load in asymptomatic COVID-19 patients, potentially aiding in controlling outbreaks as viral load is linked to transmission.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Increased mortality in community-tested cases of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7

Nicholas G. Davies et al.

Summary: Studies have shown that the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage is more transmissible and may cause more severe illness compared to pre-existing variants.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Initial report of decreased SARS-CoV-2 viral load after inoculation with the BNT162b2 vaccine

Matan Levine-Tiefenbrun et al.

Summary: COVID-19 vaccines not only provide protection to individual vaccinees, but may also reduce viral load in breakthrough infections, potentially leading to lower infectiousness and further suppressing virus spread.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Comparison of seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections with cumulative and imputed COVID-19 cases: Systematic review

Oyungerel Byambasuren et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence is below herd immunity in all countries studied, but the estimated number of infections is much higher than the reported cases and deaths in almost all locations. Most seropositive individuals experienced COVID-like symptoms before, indicating a significant under-ascertainment of SARS-CoV-2 infections due to undertesting of symptomatic individuals.

PLOS ONE (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 in municipal wastewater to evaluate the success of lockdown measures for controlling COVID-19 in the UK

Luke S. Hillary et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in wastewater generally corresponded with the number of clinical cases in large urban centers, decreasing significantly after lockdown measures were implemented. Genetic sequencing of the virus in wastewater revealed multiple distinct clusters circulating in the local population, reflecting similarities with SNPs found in clinical samples. The findings suggest that wastewater-based epidemiology can be a valuable tool for monitoring and tracking the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses in the community, aiding in public health policy decisions.

WATER RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Impact of vaccination on new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the United Kingdom

Emma Pritchard et al.

Summary: Results from the Office for National Statistics COVID-19 Infection Survey in the UK demonstrate that the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 vaccines reduce the incidence of new SARS-CoV-2 infections by up to 65% with a single dose and up to 80% after two doses, with no significant differences in efficacy observed between the two vaccines.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Pratha Sah et al.

Summary: Quantification of asymptomatic infections is crucial for effective public health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Analyzing over 350 studies, it was estimated that 35.1% of infections never developed clinical symptoms and were truly asymptomatic. At the time of testing, 42.8% of cases showed no symptoms, including both asymptomatic and presymptomatic infections.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Estimating epidemiologic dynamics from cross-sectional viral load distributions

James A. Hay et al.

Summary: Population distribution of viral loads changes during an epidemic, and Ct values from random samples can improve estimates of an epidemic's trajectory. Combining data from multiple samples enhances the precision and robustness of estimation. These methods can be applied to real-time estimates of epidemic trajectories for outbreak management and response.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 among vaccinated health care workers

Petros Ioannou et al.

Summary: This study found similar viral loads in vaccinated and non-vaccinated healthcare workers infected by the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7, suggesting potentially reduced efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine in preventing transmission of B.1.1.7.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Concentration and Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater Using Polyethylene Glycol-Based Concentration and qRT-PCR

Kata Farkas et al.

Summary: Wastewater-based epidemiology is a vital tool for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, but the detection of viruses in sewage is challenging. A simple concentration method using PEG precipitation enables efficient detection of various viruses in wastewater, offering a comprehensive assessment of viral diseases in a community.

METHODS AND PROTOCOLS (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Co-quantification of crAssphage increases confidence in wastewater-based epidemiology for SARS-CoV-2 in low prevalence areas

Maxwell L. Wilder et al.

Summary: This study presents an ultracentrifugation-based method for concentrating SARS-CoV-2 wastewater RNA and uses crAssphage to help account for RNA loss. Using this method, SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected within as little as 4.5 hours, with stronger signals potentially indicative of greater COVID-19 incidence. Additionally, lower DNA concentrations of crAssphage were observed during periods of high flow.

WATER RESEARCH X (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

COVID-19: fighting panic with information

The Lancet

LANCET (2020)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Presence of SARS-Coronavirus-2 RNA in Sewage and Correlation with Reported COVID-19 Prevalence in the Early Stage of the Epidemic in The Netherlands

Gertjan Medema et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19

Xi He et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 Titers in Wastewater Are Higher than Expected from Clinically Confirmed Cases

Fuqing Wu et al.

MSYSTEMS (2020)

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Article Environmental Sciences

First con firmed detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater in Australia: A proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 in the community

Warish Ahmed et al.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2020)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater anticipated COVID-19 occurrence in a low prevalence area

Walter Randazzo et al.

WATER RESEARCH (2020)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Sewage monitoring is the UK's next defence against covid-19

Chris Baraniuk

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2020)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Measurement of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater tracks community infection dynamics

Jordan Peccia et al.

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Substantial underestimation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States

Sean L. Wu et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Sewage surveillance for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genome as a useful wastewater based epidemiology (WBE) tracking tool in India

Sudipti Arora et al.

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Epidemiological changes on the Isle of Wight after the launch of the NHS Test and Trace programme: a preliminary analysis

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Making waves: Wastewater-based epidemiology for COVID-19-approaches and challenges for surveillance and prediction

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An analysis of 45 large-scale wastewater sites in England to estimate SARS-CoV-2 community prevalence

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