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Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Vivek Naranbhai et al.
Summary: This study shows that T cell responses to the Omicron variant are largely preserved in individuals with prior infection, vaccination, or booster vaccination, although a subset of individuals may experience a reduction in T cell reactivity to the Omicron spike protein.
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Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.
Summary: Recent surveillance has identified the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, which carries up to 36 mutations in the spike protein and has the potential to evade vaccine-induced immunity. This study found that individuals vaccinated with mRNA vaccines exhibited strong neutralization of the Omicron variant, while most vaccinees had weak neutralization. The study also revealed that the Omicron variant infects more efficiently than other tested variants.
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Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: T cell responses induced by different vaccine platforms cross-recognize early SARS-CoV-2 variants, while memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies show significant decreases. The majority of memory T cell responses are preserved against variants, with lower recognition of Omicron by memory B cells.
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Markus Hoffmann et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is spreading rapidly and shows resistance to most therapeutic antibodies. It also evades neutralization by antibodies induced by infection or vaccination more efficiently than the Delta variant. This suggests that therapeutic antibodies may not be effective against the Omicron variant, and double vaccination with BNT162b2 may not provide adequate protection against severe disease caused by this variant.
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Lihong Liu et al.
Summary: The B.1.1.529/Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, initially detected in southern Africa, has rapidly spread globally and is expected to become dominant due to its enhanced transmissibility in the coming weeks. This variant poses a threat to the efficacy of current COVID-19 vaccines and antibody therapies due to its significant antibody resistance. Even individuals who have received vaccines and booster doses may have reduced neutralizing activity against B.1.1.529.
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Immunology
Paul Moss
Summary: T cell immunity plays a central role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection, with early responses correlating with protection. T cell memory provides broad recognition of viral proteins, limiting the impact of viral variants and offering protection against severe disease. Current COVID-19 vaccines elicit robust T cell responses, contributing to the prevention of hospitalization or death. Therefore, the importance of T cell immunity may have been underestimated.
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yu Gao et al.
Summary: This study found that SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells induced by prior infection or BNT162b2 vaccination provide extensive immune coverage against the Omicron variant. Additionally, T cells induced by BNT162b2 vaccination exhibit higher cross-reactivity to the Omicron variant compared to T cells induced by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Fabian Schmidt et al.
Summary: Neutralization assays showed much lower omicron neutralization compared to Wuhan-hu-1 after two doses of mRNA vaccine, but individuals who received a booster vaccine or were vaccinated after recovering from Covid-19 exhibited high levels of omicron neutralization.
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Syed Faraz Ahmed et al.
Summary: The study assessed the impact of Omicron mutations on known T cell epitopes and found that T cell responses to this new variant remain robust.
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Karolin I. Wagner et al.
Summary: This study isolated TCR repertoires specific for SARS-CoV-2 epitopes restricted to common HLA class I molecules in convalescent individuals. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cells were found to be detectable up to 12 months after infection. The TCR repertoires were diverse, with heterogeneous functional avidity and cytotoxicity towards virus-infected cells.
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Daphne F. M. Reukers et al.
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Patricia Kaaijk et al.
Summary: The study found that children and adults infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses, with higher T cell frequencies in adults, especially those with moderate symptoms. Over time, the frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells significantly decreased, but S1-SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG concentrations were still detectable in 90% of children and adults.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
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Corine H. GeurtsvanKessel et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that vaccinated individuals retain T cell immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, despite low levels of neutralizing antibodies. Booster vaccinations can partially restore cross-neutralization of the Omicron variant.
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Roanne Keeton et al.
Summary: Despite reduced neutralizing antibody activity, T cell responses induced by vaccination or infection can cross-recognize the Omicron variant and provide protection.
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Immunology
Lotus L. van den Hoogen et al.
Summary: This study found that serological responses to Nucleoprotein can help identify SARS-CoV-2 infections after COVID-19 vaccination. Additionally, the study found that high levels of IgG response shortly after vaccination could be explained by prior exposure history.
Article
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Andrew D. Redd et al.
Summary: This study found that the newly identified Omicron variant of concern contains only one mutation in a low-prevalence epitope targeted by CD8(+) T cells, suggesting that the T-cell immune response in previously infected and vaccinated individuals should still be effective against Omicron.
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Julia Lang-Meli et al.
Summary: The study found that T cells predominantly targeted non-spike epitopes in convalescent individuals, while there was a broader spike-specific T-cell response in vaccinees. The spike-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses play a crucial role in combating variant viruses.
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Stephen J. Kent et al.
Summary: Understanding the role of T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucial for the design of next-generation vaccines. This perspective discusses the challenges in determining the causal relationship between vaccine-induced T cell immunity and protection from COVID-19, and proposes an approach to gather evidence and clarify the role of vaccine-induced T cell memory in protecting against severe COVID-19.
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Merryn Voysey et al.
Summary: The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine has been shown to have an acceptable safety profile and effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19, with higher efficacy observed in the group that received a low dose followed by a standard dose.
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Anthony T. Tan et al.
Summary: This study found that early induction of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secreting SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells was present in patients with mild disease and accelerated viral clearance, while rapid induction and quantity of humoral responses were associated with an increase in disease severity. These findings highlight the importance of early functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in both vaccine design and immune monitoring.
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Hassen Kared et al.
Summary: Characterization of T cell responses in convalescent individuals from SARS-CoV-2 infection revealed unique phenotypes and a coordinated immune response, with specific CD8(+) T cell responses directed against various epitopes from the virus proteome. The differentiation of T cells into stem cell and transitional memory subsets may be crucial for developing lasting protection against the virus.
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Jun Siong Low et al.
Summary: The study demonstrates a robust CD4(+) T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleoprotein in COVID-19-recovered individuals, with a highly immunogenic receptor-binding domain (RBD). Through characterizing T cell clones, it was found that a region containing nested HLA-DR and HLA-DP-restricted epitopes is immunodominant. Cross-reactive T cells targeting multiple S protein sites were identified, which can guide vaccination strategies against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Antonio Bertoletti et al.
Summary: Virus-specific T cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection can play a dual role in either protection or pathogenesis, highlighting the importance of studying the function of these cells for future therapeutic and preventative strategies.
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Johan Verhagen et al.
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Erin M. Bange et al.
Summary: In patients with cancer and COVID-19, those with hematologic cancer show impaired immune responses compared to solid cancer patients. CD8 T cells play a crucial role in survival, even in the presence of limited humoral responses. The presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in hematologic cancer patients suggests a potential therapeutic target.
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Paul T. Heath et al.
Summary: The NVX-CoV2373 vaccine demonstrated an efficacy of 89.7% in a phase 3 trial with over 15,000 participants, with mild and transient reactogenicity. It showed high efficacy against the B.1.1.7 variant and a low incidence of adverse events.
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Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: The study showed that SARS-CoV-2 variants do not significantly disrupt total T cell reactivity, although decreases in response frequency of 10%-22% were observed under certain assay/VOC combinations. This underscores the importance of actively monitoring T cell responses in the context of SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
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Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: By studying T cell responses in 99 convalescent COVID-19 cases, we identified various HLA-restricted epitopes derived from SARS-CoV-2 and observed distinct patterns of immunodominance. The epitopes were combined into megapools to facilitate the identification and quantification of virus-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells.
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