Multiday Precipitation Is a Prominent Driver of Floods in Indian River Basins

India witness floods during the summer monsoon (June-September) that disproportionately affect the socioeconomic well-being of millions of people. Nonstructural measures such as flood early warning systems play a crucial role in mitigating the impacts; however, these require a proper understanding of flood drivers. The drivers of floods in the Indian river basins have not been examined for the observed and projected future climate. Here using a novel framework, we examine antecedent moisture conditions and precipitation characteristics before high flow events. We estimate the probability of occurrence of flood drivers and their association with peak flood magnitude under the observed and projected future climate in Indian river basins. Multiday precipitation, a proxy to heavy precipitation on wet soil conditions, was found as the predominant flood driver in the observed and projected future climate. We show that multiday precipitation is more prominent driver than extreme soil moisture conditions in larger rivers basins while extreme precipitation drives floods in smaller river basins. The frequency of major drivers of floods is projected to rise in the future, which may pose a greater risk to agriculture and infrastructure under the warming climate.

Automated summary

Floods in India have a disproportionate impact on the socioeconomic well-being of millions of people, and nonstructural measures such as flood early warning systems play a crucial role in mitigating these impacts. This study examines the drivers of floods in Indian river basins under observed and projected future climate conditions and finds that multiday precipitation is the predominant flood driver. The frequency of major flood drivers is projected to increase in the future, posing a greater risk to agriculture and infrastructure.