Journal
SCIENCE
Volume 377, Issue 6605, Pages 495-501Publisher
AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1126/science.abo2757
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Funding
- Swedish Research Council Vetenskapsradet [2018-04809]
- ERC Starting Grant [717026]
- Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation [KAW 2019.0082]
- Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University [SFO-Mat-LiU 2009-00971]
- UA College of Science
- Office of Naval Research [N00014-20-1-2110, N00014-22-1-2379]
- Swiss National Science Foundation [200020_185041]
- European Union [764047]
- Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program (ALCA) of Japan Science and Technology Agency [JPMJAL 1404]
- Swedish Research Council [2018-04809] Funding Source: Swedish Research Council
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This study proposes a new doping strategy for perovskite solar cells, using stable organic radicals as dopants and ionic salts as doping modulators. The strategy improves the performance and stability of the devices and could inspire further optimization in other optoelectronic devices.
Record power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been obtained with the organic hole transporter 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD). Conventional doping of spiro-OMeTAD with hygroscopic lithium salts and volatile 4-tert-butylpyridine is a time-consuming process and also leads to poor device stability. We developed a new doping strategy for spiro-OMeTAD that avoids post-oxidation by using stable organic radicals as the dopant and ionic salts as the doping modulator (referred to as ion-modulated radical doping). We achieved PCEs of >25% and much-improved device stability under harsh conditions. The radicals provide hole polarons that instantly increase the conductivity and work function (WF), and ionic salts further modulate the WF by affecting the energetics of the hole polarons. This organic semiconductor doping strategy, which decouples conductivity and WF tunability, could inspire further optimization in other optoelectronic devices.
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