Diabetes distress in adults with type 1 diabetes: Prevalence, incidence and change over time

Aims: To document the prevalence and 9-month incidence of elevated diabetes distress (DD) and the stability of DD over time using both single threshold and minimal clinically important differences (MCID) approaches. Methods: Adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) (N = 224) completed the 28-item T1-Diabetes Distress Scale (T1-DDS) at baseline and 9 months. A T1-DDS threshold was identified with spline analysis and MCID was calculated from the standard error of measurement. Results: Analyses supported a cut-point of >= 2.0 for elevated DD. The prevalence and 9-month incidence of elevated DD was 42.1% and 54.4%, respectively. MCID was +/- 0.19 but varied by subscale (.26 to .50). Elevated DD was stable: only 20% crossed 2.0 over 9 months. MCID analyses showed that change also occurred among those who remained either below or above 2.0 over time. Change varied by source of distress, with Powerlessness the most prevalent and stable. Using MOD, only participant age, gender and number of complications predicted change. Conclusions: The prevalence, 9-month incidence and stability of elevated DD are high among adults with T1D, with change based on source of DD. We propose a combined cut-point/MCID framework for measuring change in DD, since each approach reflects unique characteristics of change over time. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.