Eco-friendly magnetic Solid-Phase extraction and deep eutectic solvent for the separation and detection of parabens from the environmental water and urine samples

This work reports an eco-friendly, cheap, and sensitive magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) and deep eutectic solvent (DES) for the isolation and detection of parabens from water and urine. The parabens were determined by liquid chromatography equipped with an ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV). The magnetic-activated carbon (MAC) was synthesized from coffee waste was used as an adsorbent. DL-menthol and acetic acid-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) were synthesized and applied as a less toxic solvent in the parabens desorption. The ideal conditions which increase the efficiencies are 10 mg of adsorbent amount, adsorption time 8 min, DL -menthol and acetic acid-based DES used as eluent, eluent volume 200 mu L, desorption time 3 min. The parabens exhibited superior linearity between the 0.3 1000 ng mL(-1). The regression coefficient (R-2) values among 0.9962 0.9990. The developed MSPE-DES-HPLC-UV exhibited excellent sensitivity. The detection limit (LOD) ranged from 0.1 0.3 ng mL(-1) and the quantification limit (LOQ) between 0.3 0.5 ng mL(-1). The precision of the method expressed as RSDs was over the range of 3.49 9.15%, correspondingly. This technique was employed for the analysis of the real sample (swimming pool, river, and urine samples). The attained recoveries are 82.60 114.40% with RSD < 9.67% for water samples, 81.80 118.20% with RSD < 9.28% for urine samples. All the method validation results are in the acceptable range. This method claims its practical solicitation in the analytical sector in the near future.

Automated summary

In this study, an eco-friendly, cheap, and sensitive magnetic solid-phase extraction method combined with a deep eutectic solvent was developed for the isolation and detection of parabens in water and urine samples. The method showed excellent sensitivity, with a wide linear range and low limits of detection and quantification. The technique was successfully applied to the analysis of real samples, achieving high recoveries and acceptable precision. This method has promising practical applications in the field of analysis.