Catalytic effect in Li-S batteries: From band theory to practical application

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries with high energy density have been considered one kind of promising next-generation energy storage system. However, the shuttling effect of polysulfides caused by the intrinsic sluggish reaction kinetics severely hinders their commercialization. The catalytic effect, a powerful solution towards polysulfides shuttling by accelerating the conversion of polysulfides, has aroused great attention. Numerous catalysts have been developed and proved to have catalytic effects in the past years. More importantly, many advanced in-situ characterization technologies and electronic structure analyses have been combined to study the black box of the catalytic process, which promotes the practical application of Li-S batteries entering a new stage. In this review, instead of summarizing recent achievements in catalyst materials and structural designs, the key issues that how to observe, understand, design, and use catalytic effect in Li-S batteries are systematically discussed. In-situ techniques are summarized to see the actual catalytic process. Band theory is applied to understand the electronic structure, thus deciphering design principles and strategies of catalytic effect. Subsequently, how to use the catalytic effect to realize Ah-level Li-S pouch cells is analyzed. Last, we propose a research paradigm for catalytic effect, which will enlighten the future development of LiS batteries and other next-generation batteries based on conversion reactions.

Automated summary

This review systematically discusses the key issues of catalytic effect in lithium-sulfur batteries, including methods of observation, understanding, designing, and utilizing catalytic effect. Advanced in-situ techniques and band theory are applied to study the catalytic process and electronic structure, promoting the application and development of lithium-sulfur batteries.