The potential of saltmarsh halophytes for phytoremediation of metals and persistent organic pollutants: An Australian perspective

Persistent organic and inorganic pollutants are among the most concerning pollutants in Australian estuaries due to their persistent, ubiquitous, and potentially toxic nature. Traditional methods of soil remediation often fall short of practical implementation due to high monetary investment, environmental disturbance, and potential for re-contamination. Phytoremediation is gaining traction as an alternative, or synergistic mechanism of contaminated soil remediation. Phytoremediation utilises plants and associated rhizospheric microorganisms to stabilise, degrade, transform, or remove xenobiotics from contaminated mediums. Due to their apparent cross-tolerance to salt, metals, and organic contaminants, halophytes have shown promise as phytoremediation spe-cies. This review examines the potential of 93 species of Australian saltmarsh halophytes for xenobiotic phy-toremediation. Considerations for the practical application of phytoremediation in Australia are discussed, including mechanisms of enhancement, and methods of harvesting and disposal. Knowledge gaps for the implementation of phytoremediation in Australian saline environments are identified, and areas for future research are suggested.

Automated summary

Persistent organic and inorganic pollutants are concerning in Australian estuaries. Traditional soil remediation methods are often impractical, but phytoremediation using plants and microorganisms shows promise, especially with halophytes. This review examines the potential of 93 Australian saltmarsh halophytes for xenobiotic phytoremediation. Practical considerations and knowledge gaps for implementing phytoremediation in Australian saline environments are discussed.